Phishing Scam बाट हुने बैंक ठगीबाट बच्नुहोस्

विगत केहि महिना देखी नेपालका विभिन्न वित्तिय संस्थाहरुको e-banking का लागी Login गर्ने मुख्य पृष्ठसंग दुरुस्त मिल्ने पेज (Login Page) बनाई वित्तिय संस्थाहरुका खातावालाहरुलाई सुरक्षाका कारण पासवर्ड परिवर्तन गर्न आग्रह गर्दै बिभिन्न ग्राहकहरुलाई इमेलमा तपाईँको अकाउन्ट डिसेबल गरिएको, सस्पेन्ड गरिएको र पुनः चालु गर्नका लागि फलानो लिङ्कमा गएर आफ्नो युजरनेम र पासपवर्ड हान्नुस् भनि spam email हरु पठाउने र ग्राहकहरुलाई झुक्याई बैंकको एकाउन्ट नम्बर, नाम, ठेगाना तथा पासवर्ड चोरी गर्ने अपराधिक प्रवृति बढ्ढै गएको ।
साथै सोही समुहले अपराधिक कार्यलाई मुर्तरुप दिन अन्य बिभिन्न व्यक्तिहरुलाई email मार्फत विदेश स्थित विभिन्न व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानको आधिकारीक सदस्य हु भन्ने परिचय दिंदै तपाईको नाममा रहेको विभिन्न बैंकहरुको एकाउन्ट नम्बर सहितको अन्य विवरण समेत माग गर्ने र नेपालमा सो व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानले गरेका व्यवसायहरुको बाँकी रहेको बक्यौता रकम उठाउन Payment Clearing Agent को रुपमा तपाईलाई नियुक्त गरिएको भनी email मार्फत सम्पर्क गर्ने गरेको समेत देखिन आएको छ।
त्यस्ता अपराधिक समुहले विभिन्न वित्तिय संस्थाहरुको e-banking का लागी Login गर्ने मुख्य पृष्ठसंग दुरुस्त मिल्ने पेज (Login Page) बनाई खातावालाहरुको एकाउन्ट नम्बर, नाम, ठेगाना तथा पासवर्ड चोरी गर्ने र अनाधिकृत रुपमा उक्त खातावालाको रकम e-banking मार्फत निकालि सोहि वित्तिय संस्थामा खाता रहेका व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानले Payment Clearing Agent को रुपमा नियुक्त गरिएको व्यक्तिको खातामा जम्मा गरिदिने र सो रकम मध्यबाट व्यापारिक प्रतिष्ठानको सदस्यले भने बमोजिमको कमिसन कटाई बाँकि रकम मनि ट्रान्सफरहरु मार्फत बिदेशका बिभिन्न बैकहरुमा व्यक्तिका नाममा जम्मा गरिदिनु हुन व्यहोराको email हरु पठाउदै अनाधिकृत रुपमा एक खातावालाको रकम e-banking मार्फत निकालि अन्य खातावालाहरुको नाममा ट्रान्सफर गर्ने विधुतिय अपराध Phishing Scam बढ्दै गएको हुनाले त्यस्ता spam email तथा Fake Login Page हरुको विश्वास नगर्न हुन र त्यस्ता email वा Fake Login Page हरु देखिएमा तत्काल सम्बन्धित वित्तिय संस्थाहरु साथै यस केन्द्रिय अनुसन्धान ब्युरोको ईमेल ठेगाना cib@nepalpolice.gov.np मा जानकारी गराउन हुन अनुरोध गरिन्छ ।

Phishing बाट बच्ने केही उपायहरू :
• अपरिचित ब्यक्तिले पठाएका कुनै पनि email नखोल्नुहोस ।
• यदि तपाई कुनै वित्तिय संस्थाहरुको e-banking प्रयोग गर्ने ग्राहक हुनु हुन्छ र सुरक्षाका कारण युजरनेम र पासपवर्ड परिवर्तन गर्ने ब्यहोराको कुनै लिंक सहितको email प्राप्त गर्नु भयो भने सम्बन्धित वित्तिय संस्थाहरुसंग समन्वय गर्नुहोस ।
• अप्रत्यासित रुपमा email, sms वा Phone मार्फत कुनै अपरिचित ब्यक्तिले तपाईको ब्यक्तिगत विवरण सोधेमा आफ्नो ब्यक्तिगत विवरण उपलब्ध नगराउनुहोस ।
• e-banking का लागी तपाईले प्रयोग गर्नु भएको computer मा spam filters, anti-virus, anti-spyware software तथा firewall रहे नरहेको र त्यस्ता software हरु update भए नभएको समेत विचार पुर्‍याउनु होस ।
• यदि तपाइको १ भन्दा बढी user account हरु चलाउनु हुन्छ भने एकै कसिमको used id तथा password को प्रयोग नगर्नुहोस
• आफ्नो user को password समय सापेक्ष परिवर्तन गर्नुहोस ।

Marketing

        Marketing is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers. Marketing might sometimes be interpreted as the art of selling products, but selling is only a small fraction of marketing. As the term "Marketing" may replace "Advertising" it is the overall strategy and function of promoting a product or service to the customer.

The American Marketing Association defines marketing as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large."

            From a societal point of view, marketing is the link between a society’s material requirements and its economic patterns of response. Marketing satisfies these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. The process of communicating the value of a product or service through positioning to customers. Marketing can be looked at as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, delivering and communicating value to customers, and managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its shareholders. Marketing is the science of choosing target markets through market analysis and market segmentation, as well as understanding consumer buying behavior and providing superior customer value.

Marketing is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers. Marketing might sometimes be interpreted as the art of selling products, but selling is only a small fraction of marketing. As the term "Marketing" may replace "Advertising" it is the overall strategy and function of promoting a product or service to the customer.

The American Marketing Association defines marketing as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large."

        From a societal point of view, marketing is the link between a society’s material requirements and its economic patterns of response. Marketing satisfies these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. The process of communicating the value of a product or service through positioning to customers. Marketing can be looked at as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, delivering and communicating value to customers, and managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its shareholders. Marketing is the science of choosing target markets through market analysis and market segmentation, as well as understanding consumer buying behavior and providing superior customer value.

Customer orientation

A firm in the market economy survives by producing goods that persons are willing and able to buy. Consequently, ascertaining consumer demand is vital for a firm's future viability and even existence as a going concern. Many companies today have a customer focus (or market orientation). This implies that the company focuses its activities and products on consumer demands. Generally, there are three ways of doing this: the customer-driven approach, the market change identification approach and the product innovation approach^{[citation needed]}.
In the consumer-driven approach, consumer wants are the drivers of all strategic marketing decisions. No strategy is pursued until it passes the test of consumer research. Every aspect of a market offering, including the nature of the product itself, is driven by the needs of potential consumers. The starting point is always the consumer. The rationale for this approach is that there is no reason to spend R&D funds developing products that people will not buy. History attests to many products that were commercial failures in spite of being technological breakthroughs.^[6]
A formal approach to this customer-focused marketing is known as SIVA^[7] (Solution, Information, Value, Access). This system is basically the four Ps renamed and reworded to provide a customer focus. The SIVA Model provides a demand/customer-centric alternative to the well-known 4Ps supply side model (product, price, placement, promotion) of marketing management.

Product	→	Solution
Promotion	→	Information
Price	→	Value
Place (Distribution)	→	Access

If any of the 4Ps were problematic or were not in the marketing factor of the business, the business could be in trouble and so other companies may appear in the surroundings of the company, so the consumer demand on its products will decrease. However, in recent years service marketing has widened the domains to be considered, contributing to the 7P's of marketing in total. The other 3P's of service marketing are: process, physical environment and people.
Some consider there to be a fifth "P": positioning. See Positioning (marketing).
Some qualifications or caveats for customer focus exist. They do not invalidate or contradict the principle of customer focus; rather, they simply add extra dimensions of awareness and caution to it.
The work of Christensen and colleagues^[8] on disruptive technology has produced a theoretical framework that explains the failure of firms not because they were technologically inept (often quite the opposite), but because the value networks in which they profitably operated included customers who could not value a disruptive innovation at the time and capability state of its emergence and thus actively dissuaded the firms from developing it. The lessons drawn from this work include:

• Taking customer focus with a grain of salt, treating it as only a subset of one's corporate strategy rather than the sole driving factor. This means looking beyond current-state customer focus to predict what customers will be demanding some years in the future, even if they themselves discount the prediction.
• Pursuing new markets (thus new value networks) when they are still in a commercially inferior or unattractive state, simply because their potential to grow and intersect with established markets and value networks looks like a likely bet. This may involve buying stakes in the stock of smaller firms, acquiring them outright, or incubating small, financially distinct units within one's organization to compete against them.

Other caveats of customer focus are:

• The extent to which what customers say they want does not match their purchasing decisions. Thus surveys of customers might claim that 70% of a restaurant's customers want healthier choices on the menu, but only 10% of them actually buy the new items once they are offered. This might be acceptable except for the extent to which those items are money-losing propositions for the business, bleeding red ink. A lesson from this type of situation is to be smarter about the true test validity of instruments like surveys. A corollary argument is that "truly understanding customers sometimes means understanding them better than they understand themselves." Thus one could argue that the principle of customer focus, or being close to the customers, is not violated here—just expanded upon.
• The extent to which customers are currently ignorant of what one might argue they should want—which is dicey because whether it can be acted upon affordably depends on whether or how soon the customers will learn, or be convinced, otherwise. IT hardware and software capabilities and automobile features are examples. Customers who in 1997 said that they would not place any value on internet browsing capability on a mobile phone, or 6% better fuel efficiency in their vehicle, might say something different today, because the value proposition of those opportunities has changed.

Organizational orientation

In this sense, a firm's marketing department is often seen as of prime importance within the functional level of an organization. Information from an organization's marketing department would be used to guide the actions of other departments within the firm. As an example, a marketing department could ascertain (via marketing research) that consumers desired a new type of product, or a new usage for an existing product. With this in mind, the marketing department would inform the R&D department to create a prototype of a product/service based on consumers' new desires.
The production department would then start to manufacture the product, while the marketing department would focus on the promotion, distribution, pricing, etc. of the product. Additionally, a firm's finance department would be consulted, with respect to securing appropriate funding for the development, production and promotion of the product. Inter-departmental conflicts may occur, should a firm adhere to the marketing orientation. Production may oppose the installation, support and servicing of new capital stock, which may be needed to manufacture a new product. Finance may oppose the required capital expenditure, since it could undermine a healthy cash flow for the organization.

[edit] Herd behavior

Herd behavior in marketing is used to explain the dependencies of customers' mutual behavior. The Economist reported a recent conference in Rome on the subject of the simulation of adaptive human behavior.^[9] It shared mechanisms to increase impulse buying and get people "to buy more by playing on the herd instinct." The basic idea is that people will buy more of products that are seen to be popular, and several feedback mechanisms to get product popularity information to consumers are mentioned, including smart card technology and the use of Radio Frequency Identification Tag technology. A "swarm-moves" model was introduced by a Florida Institute of Technology researcher, which is appealing to supermarkets because it can "increase sales without the need to give people discounts." Other recent studies on the "power of social influence" include an "artificial music market in which some 19,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs" (Columbia University, New York); a Japanese chain of convenience stores which orders its products based on "sales data from department stores and research companies;" a Massachusetts company exploiting knowledge of social networking to improve sales; and online retailers who are increasingly informing consumers about "which products are popular with like-minded consumers" (e.g., Amazon, eBay).

Further orientations

• An emerging area of study and practice concerns internal marketing, or how employees are trained and managed to deliver the brand in a way that positively impacts the acquisition and retention of customers, see also employer branding.
• Diffusion of innovations research explores how and why people adopt new products, services, and ideas.
• With consumers' eroding attention span and willingness to give time to advertising messages, marketers are turning to forms of permission marketing such as branded content, custom media and reality marketing

web filtering (वेब फिल्टरिङ)

अचेल घर होस् वा कार्यालय कम्प्युटरमा इन्टरनेट छैन भने कम्प्युटरै नभएजस्तो हुन्छ। तर, इन्टरनेटका रमाइला साइटहरूमा हामीले पत्तै नपाई महत्वपूर्ण समय बर्बाद गरिरहेका हुन सक्छौं। घरमा बालबालिकाले अनावश्यक साइट हेरेर वा च्याट गरेर पढाइ बिगारिरहेका हुन सक्छन्। यस्तै समस्या कार्यालयमा पनि हुन्छ।

म्यासेन्जर, युट्युब, फेसबुकजस्ता साइट लगअन गरेर त्यत्तिकै छाड्ने वा ठूला फाइल डाउनलोड गर्न छाडिराखे कार्यक्षमतामा नकारात्मक असर पर्छ। भाइरसहरू सहजै छिर्न सक्छन्। अरू कसैले कम्प्युटर ह्याक गर्न सक्छ। कम्प्युटरमा सुरक्षा प्रविधि अपनाइएको छैन भने भाइरस सल्किने सम्भावना मात्र एक क्लिकमा भर पर्छ। यसबाट बच्न इन्टरनेट पूरै बन्द नगर्ने र अनियन्त्रित प्रयोग पनि रोक्ने हो भने 'वेब फिल्टरिङ' आवश्यक हुन्छ। यसले विषयवस्तुअनुसार वेबसाइट निषेध वा खुला गर्छ।

फिल्टरले छान्ने काम गरेजस्तै वेब फिल्टरिङले इन्टरनेटको माध्यमबाट कम्प्युटरमा आउने विषयवस्तुलाई प्रवेश दिने/नदिने निर्क्यौल गर्छ। यसले रोक्नेबाहेकका साइटमात्रै खोल्न, डाउनलोड वा अपलोड गर्न सकिन्छ। वेब फिल्टरिङमार्फत् कुन-कुन समय, कुन-कुन कम्प्युटरमा के के चलाउन दिने भनेर नियन्त्रण गर्न सकिन्छ।

वेब फिल्टरिङका विभिन्न तह र तरिका हुन्छन्। घरमा एउटा वा दुइटा कम्प्युटर हुन्छ भने कार्यालयमा दर्जनौं कम्प्युटर हुन सक्छन्। वेब फिल्टरिङ हार्डवेयर वा सफ्टवेयर दुवै तरिकाबाट गर्न सकिन्छ।

घरका लागि
घरको इन्टरनेट विभिन्न उमेर समूहका सदस्यले प्रयोग गर्छन्। भाइबहिनी वा छोराछोरी अनावश्यक साइटमा झुम्मिइरहे कुन-कुन साइट नखुल्ने र कुन-कुन खुल्ने भनेर फिल्टरिङ गर्न सकिन्छ। यसका लागि इन्टरनेटमै निःशुल्क सफ्टवेयरहरू पाइन्छन्।
सफ्टवेयरै नराखी कम्प्युटरमै साइट ब्लक गर्न पनि सकिन्छ। यसका लागि start-control panel-internet option-content भित्र गई अनावश्यक साइट ब्लक गर्न मिल्छ।

ब्राउजर (जस्तै इन्टरनेट एक्सप्लोरर) मा पनि tools को Inprivate Filtering मा गएर अप्सन हेरी इच्छाअनुसार साइटहरू ब्लक गर्न मिल्छ।
firefox2.0 मा google safebrowsing built in भएर आएको छ। यसमा रोक्न चाहेका साइटहरू गुगलबाटै जान नमिल्ने बनाउने सुविधा छ।

वयस्कका लागि मात्र भनिएका साइटहरू आफ्ना केटाकेटीले नहेरून् भन्ने लाग्छ भने firefoxले] the parental control for firefox नामको fox filter भन्ने सफ्टवेयर बजारमा ल्याएको छ। यो किन्नुपर्छ। त्यति महँगो भने छैन। सफ्टवेयर नै राख्ने हो भने k9web protection र Naomi जस्ता निःशुल्क सफ्टवेयर राखी access control गर्न सकिन्छ।

कार्यालयका लागि
आन्तरिक बजेट र कर्मचारी संख्या हेरेर कार्यालयमा हार्डवेयर वा सफ्टवेयर जुनसुकै विधिबाट वेब फिल्टरिङ गर्न सकिन्छ। सानो कार्यालय र थोरै कर्मचारी छन् भने घरको कम्प्युटरमा जस्तै गरे हुन्छ। थोरै पैसामा सफ्टवेयर किन्न पनि हुन्छ। कुनै कम्प्युटरलाई गेटवे सर्भर बनाई त्यसमा सफ्टवेयर राखेर सबै कम्प्युटरमा एकैचोटि फिल्टरिङ गर्न सकिन्छ।

कुनै कुनै कार्यालयले हार्डवेयर फिल्टरिङ गर्न छुट्टै फायरवाल पनि किनेका हुन्छन्। यो अलि महँगो हुन्छ। fortigate, sonickwall, cyberroam जस्ता विभिन्न खाले फायरवाल बजारमा पाइन्छन्।
राउटर छ भने राउटरमै पनि फायरवाल सेटिङ वा प्रोक्सी सेटिङ मिलाउन सकिन्छ। buffalo, mikrotik जस्ता राउटर सानो कार्यालय र घरका लागि उपयुक्त हुन्छन्। कार्यालय ठूलो छ र आफैंले फिल्टरिङ गर्न सम्भव छैन भने इन्टरनेट सेवाप्रदायकले नै सहयोग गर्छन्। यस्ता आइएसपीहरूले ग्राहकको इच्छाअनुसार प्रोक्सीमा राखेर अनावश्यक वेबसाइटमा पहुँच रोकिदिन्छ।

वेब फिल्टरिङ राख्दा ध्यान दिनुपर्ने कुराहरू
कम्प्युटरमै सर्वप्रथम पासवर्ड राख्ने गर्नुपर्छ। पासवर्ड राख्नाले आफूले ब्लक गरेको सेटिङ अरूले बिगार्न पाउँदैन। जुन सर्भरमा फायरवाल राखिएको छ, त्यसको पासवर्ड अरूलाई दिनु हुन्न। पासवर्ड सकेसम्म जटिल किसिमको राख्नुपर्छ।

सबैलाई तोकिएका साइट एकैपटक ब्लक गर्ने र समय पनि नतोकिदिने हो भने कार्यालयको वातावरण बिग्रन सक्छ। काम विशेषका आधारमा कहिलेकाहीँ त्यस्ता साइट अत्यावश्यक पनि हुन्छन्। घरमा हो भने केटाकेटीलाई कस्ताकस्ता र किशोरकिशोरीलाई कस्ताकस्ता साइटमा पहुँच नदिने भन्नेबारे वेब फिल्टरिङ राख्नेबेला विचार पुर्‍याउनुपर्छ। यहीअनुसार सफ्टवेयर फायरवेलमा मिलाउनुपर्छ।

वेब फिल्टरिङ घर, कार्यालय मात्र नभई राष्ट्रिय र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय तहबाट पनि गर्न थालिएका छन्। कुनैकुनै देशले सन्दर्भ र विषयका आधारमा निश्चित साइटहरूलाई प्रतिबन्ध लगाएको पाइन्छ। उदाहरणका लागि, चीनले सामाजिक सञ्जाल, बाल यौनदूराचार, अपुष्ट समाचार, राजनीतिक विषयवस्तु आदि भएका वेबसाइट आफ्नो देशभित्र खोल्न नमिल्ने बनाएको छ। त्यस्तै बेलायतले बाल यौनदूराचारसम्बन्धी वेबसाइट रोक्नुका साथै कसले कुन मात्रामा इन्टरनेट चलाएको छ भनेर हेर्ने गरेको छ।

नेपालका सन्दर्भमा नेपाल दूरसञ्चार प्राधिकरणले यौनजन्य सयभन्दा बढी साइटहरू ब्लक गर्दै आएको छ।